Only he is a Marxist who extends the recognition of the class struggle to the recognition of the dictatorship of the proletariat. This is touchstone on which the real understanding and recognition of Marxism is to be tested. V.I.Lenin
Economic and Philosophic Science Review
Subscriptions (£12 p.a.) and circulation P&P Bulletin Publications. PO Box 50, London SW17 9NL [Post Office Registered.] Phone 0771 2639934  www.epsr.org.uk 
No 1429  10th July 2013                                                                                                        25p fortnightly

Fake-“left” of all shades feed the “democracy” illusions that have helped the West backed counter-revolutionary coup in Egypt, their petty bourgeois instincts lining them up with Blair, Obama-ism and the reactionary generals. Muslim Brotherhood may not be the solution either but the “mass movement” in Tahrir Square is no progressive second wave of the Arab Spring, comprising military reactionaries and petty bourgeois hostile above all to the anti-imperialist component in the Brotherhood’s progress.  Western press figures of “seventeen million” are a ludicrous over-statement anyway but the key lesson is that the masses will be led round by the nose until they build a far better understanding and grasp of the real class forces at work on the planet – namely Leninist scientific revolutionary leadership. But the driving world crisis is teaching valuable lessons all the same

The counter-revolutionary massacres and slaughter of the poor and deprived in Egypt has caught in a sharp green laser light the cowardice and bankrupt confusion of the fake-“lefts” of all shades from “no leadership” anarchists, shallow anti-communist Trotskyists and pathetic wooden social-pacifist Stalinists. 
Their gung-ho unthinking support for the “mass movement”, either outright as from the petty bourgeois shallowness of the Trotskyist SWP’s gushing declarations of a “second wave of revolution” (even as the reactionary Mubarak army was re-seizing control), or tacitly from slightly more cautious elements giving effective credence to the revolt by damning the Mohamed Morsi presidency, has played right into the hands of the ruling class, desperate to recover the ground lost in the Middle East to rising anti-imperialist discontent and rebellion. 
Nowhere has that been expressed more sharply and critically than in the giant Egyptian nation.
These fake-”lefts” across the board are now hung out to dry, exposed for the capitulationists they are by the unfolding events in Egypt’s bloody military coup, effectively cheering-on the unprovoked mass street killings of the ordinary people supporting the Muslim Brotherhood, and their arrests into the torture prisons of the police and army.
Meanwhile they find themselves lined up politically with reactionary Obama-ism’s twists and turns, the slick war-crime “democracy” sophistry of Tony Blair, the opportunism and reactionariness of the stooge bourgeois politicians in Cairo and, in the background, the sinister lurking presence of the Zionists just across the border, determined to remove all potential threats to their colonialist land theft domination, and especially any support for the heroically rebellious Palestinian struggle. 
The rapid unfolding of events has shown the reactionary nature of events and underlined sharply the vital need for revolutionary theory and understanding to guide the masses through the growing turmoil in the world as the monopoly capitalist crisis lurches and slides ever deeper into total catastrophic breakdown and war.
Not everything is what it seems on the surface, least of all “popular rebellion” and it is only with the broadest deepest and long running perspectives of the entire historical period now unfolding, and careful concrete assessment of the class forces arraigned in every situation that it can at all be possible to work out what the elements are in any situation and where they stand.
Get it wrong and the masses are led into counter-revolutionary danger and slaughter.
The capitalist support for the “uprising” should have given a few clues as well as the absence of Western “outrage” at “governments shooting down their own people”??
So where is the concern in the great “Mother of Parliament” at the Egyptian army’s “dictatorial repression and the tearing up of democracy”??
“Righteous” anger at the slaughter of unarmed demonstrators gunned down in the streets as pumped out over Libya or Syria?
Where are the heartrending Western media reports of the agony of the relatives, the zoomed in close-ups of tearful mothers and the approvingly toned voice-overs of the hapless protestors struggling against “obvious injustice” and the trampling of their rights???
Where is the equally inflammatory language of the politicians, building up a frenzied atmosphere to denounce the “generals”??? 
The inflamed demagogy about potential massacres, the unsubstantiated stories of even worse atrocities not yet seen, or still “unverifiable”?
Where is Vietnam veteran ultra-reactionary US senator John McCain, to call for the arming of the deposed “freedom and democracy strugglers” when you need him, as he does over Libya and Syria??
Where are the preparations for a NATO-nazi blitzkrieg to fulfil the humbug nonsense that the West must “intervene to preserve freedom” still being pumped out against the Assad government next door at the same time?
Nowhere at all of course, when it comes to preserving capitalism’s interests.
To evade its intractable and catastrophic crisis Western imperialism has escalated its warmongering distractions for nearly two decades, and has blitzed, bombed and barbarically destroyed four, count them, four entire countries (as well as Yugoslavia before) in the alleged pursuit of “democracy” and the “right to demonstrate on the streets”, blasting apart or shooting tens of thousands of people, torturing, maiming tens of thousands more and ruining the lives of hundreds of thousands, or in fact millions, wrecking not just houses and streets and infrastructure across swathes of urban districts in Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan but taking out and destroying entire cities like Falluja, or Allepo in Syria.
It has gone on for years.
Thriving economies and vibrant living communities have been torn to shreds and pulverised while a legacy of deadly landmines, poison and destructive residues has been left behind (see excellent John Pilger* story on Iraq depleted uranium*) spreading cancer, injury and fear for whole populations. 
All this done in the name of “freedom and democracy”.     
All this done ostensibly for “regime change” (when the earlier “weapons of mass destruction” fabrications or the horse dung about “hunting down the perpetrators of  terror” had fallen through) – to remove and depose “dictators and totalitarianism” and to “rebuild society along democratic lines”.
Huge “sacrifices” have been declared necessary including hundreds of British soldiers’ lives, thousands of Americans, and uncounted multitudes of Afghani, Iraqi, Arab, Syrian, Libyan and others, desperately defending themselves, or simply bystanding civilians (casually written-off as “collateral damage” along with their neighbourhoods and lives).
Tens of $billions have been squandered. 
So what is happening to a great “success story” for bourgeois “democracy”, the first-time-in-60-years “proper election” established just 12 months ago in Egypt with Western oversight, approval and funding as the alleged way forwards for future prosperity and harmony and a supposed triumph of history??
Is this not what Western humbug is supposed to achieve?
Torn up of course and the new dictator bosses now slickly and weasly “defended” by the likes of the pompous little Napoleon, William Hague (to grossly insult Napoleon), the drone-killing death-squad Obama presidency and warmonger Tony Blair, author of the foul Goebbels big lie fabrications that set the Iraq war in train, and now imperialist weasel-in-chief Middle Eastern “envoy”.
But the latest bloody military coup in Egypt so glibly supported, and slickly explained away (and in all probability even organised, or advised by Washington via its Cairo stooge pro-imperialist military establishment,) is no real success for imperialism and underlines how desperately fearful the unravelling crisis of its monopoly capitalist system has made the ruling class.
Abandoning so obviously all the pretences about “freedom and democracy”, the “rule of law” and the “inviolability of the will of the people” comes at a huge cost, teaching powerful lessons to the world masses about what total gobshyte it all is and has always been.
The fraud of “democracy” underpins all the non-stop bullshit about totalitarianism which has been pumped out into people’s brains for decades, initially and primarily for anti-communist purposes and in the recent times as the basis for its every escalation of warmongering to escape the catastrophic and unstoppable meltdown crisis of its entire system, all supposedly to do with “standing firm against tyranny and dictators everywhere”.
The impact of this will reverberate not just around Egypt and the Middle East beyond it, but across the whole planet.
It undermines every last humbug vestige of the West’s legal and philosophical posturing about legitimacy and will recruit tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands to the struggle against imperialist domination.
It also exposes the entire rank of the fake-“left”, their capitulation to the Western bullshit about a “war on terror” and their lining up with imperialism against the growing Third World revolt and anti-imperialist struggle, via the anti-Muslim “crusade” and the “condemning of terror”.
Each and every one of them has variously declared either outright support for the alleged “mass struggle” and thereby for the generals or has gone along with the weasel justifications that the Muslim Brotherhood “deserved it”.
The outright hostility of the Trotskyists for the workers states, and therefore real communism, the philistine contempt for theory and organisation for working class of the anarchists, and the dead-brained refusal of the revisionists to re-examine the long pattern of mistakes and retreats from revolutionary understanding by Moscow, woodenly sticking to social-pacifist protest and long standing illusions about “democracy” and “steady progress” (originating from “peaceful roadism”) means that not one of them has been able to even to grasp the significance of all the broad historical factors at work, or even recognise their existence, let alone draw the connections and set the context of the developments within the great unfolding world catastrophe of the entire capitalist order.
Instead they are guided by the shallowest impressionism, easily taken in (and mostly willingly so) by the “democracy” pretences of capitalism.
Understanding of these events has to begin with the crisis of the entire capitalist system, barely mentioned by the fake-”lefts” and certainly not put at the heart of their understanding and analyses.
The disastrous failure of the entire world monopoly capitalist order – an epochal collapse of an 800 years old class domination – is the overriding factor in all the world’s events now, and the driving motor of the turmoil, warmongering and chaos erupting everywhere.
It is the critical element in the Middle East and Egypt.
The full bursting open of the profit system’s relentlessly developing crisis in the 2008 “credit crunch” of bank failures and currency collapses proved for all time the Marxist understanding of the impossibility for capitalism to continue its exploitative and domineering rule, and the reality that it will always implode into a strangling mass of overproduction contradictions. 
It is “solvable” only by worldwide destruction and devastation to wipe out the stifling “surplus” – if capitalism continues.
It is solvable, more rationally, only by overturning and ending capitalism and establishing socialism.
The crisis is not limited to 2008 (as shallow petty bourgeois thinking sees it – a one-off collapse the world is “getting over”) but continues unstoppably into Depression and war, for all the pretences of the ruling class about “recovery”. 
All the carefully presented lies about “getting to the upturn” are dissembling garbage.
The world capitalist system is completely bankrupt and continues only by imposing the most savage international currency and trade war, which intensifies daily, by wiping out of entire nations economically, and on the imposition of  workhouse levels of deprivation and speed-up for the working class everywhere including the “richest” countries of Europe and the US.
Even the “stabilisation” of the last five years is a lying fraud, achieved only by the non-stop printing of ridiculous fantasy money under Quantitative Easing, the swamping of the world in utterly valueless Mickey Mouse paper dollars to try and keep things going.
Nothing has been solved.
Bigger collapses still are on their way.
And world war conflict in some form, between major capitalist powers or the steady piecemeal degeneration of the US empire. 
Meanwhile the underlying contradictions have produced a gigantic escalation of the growing discontent and ferment of the tyrannically exploited Third World, already maturing through decades of steadily increasing sophistication among the world’s masses, who understand only too well the monstrous injustice of the lives they are forced to live, in penury and near-slavery sweatshop labour, and of the giant possibilities that could exist for everyone.
The hatred and hostility for the system which oppresses them has intensified greatly because of the “war on terror” blitzing and intimidation which the US Empire has been imposing to try and “shock and awe” the world into continuing submission to its rapacious exploitation of everyone else, even though it is now beyond bankruptcy.     
Egypt’s (and Tunisia’s) 2011 eruption was a massive expression of world discontent as crisis rips through everything.
It was a qualitatively new level of revolt in an enormous mass rebellion way beyond the already snowballing insurgencies, “terrorism” and suicide bombings elsewhere. 
It was  a social explosion triggered by the bank crash and failures which have shattered the confidence and power of imperialism (already reeling from its failures in Iraq and Afghanistan).
Washington, and the rest of imperialism, already in panic over the world crisis, were caught completely on the hop (even though Marxism has been predicting for years that the unbearable conditions of exploitation would eventually prove devastating in the Arab world). 
The ruling class has been desperately manoeuvring to contain the damage ever since, terrified that the revolt’s impact would roll out across the entire Middle East, merging into the dogged and ever deeper struggle of the Palestinian nation against the Zionist occupation’s endless genocidal barbarity, into the hostility and national-liberation insurgencies of Iraq and Lebanon, and the further afield into Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan and more.
Egypt is by far the most significant population in the region, one of the worlds biggest nations, over 80 million strong, and with a long history of anti-imperialist nationalism, particularly in the Nasserite overthrow of the colonialist stooge monarchy in the post-war period and it is an intellectual and political leader of 250 million Arabs.
The strategy to contain this overwhelming danger for imperialist control in the resources rich and strategically crucial Middle East has been twofold.
First, externally, artificial revolts were provoked in the neighbouring countries of Libya and Syria, activating long prepared sleeper forces, to head off any danger of support for Egypt from these (sporadically) anti-imperialist regimes, to distract attention from the huge revolutionary wave in Egypt itself, and to contain and intimidate the 2011 Cairo revolution.
The obvious reactionary nature of the ludicrous and fragmentary “rebel” movements in Libya and Syria was clear from the beginning.
Both alleged upheavals were aimed at the regimes in the region most hated by imperialism for their past anti-Zionism and refusal to comply with imperialist diktat, quite unlike the stooge gangsterism of heavily bribed Hosni Mubarak or the French dinner-party dictator in Tunisia, or the primitive and backward pre-feudal tribal monarchies in the Gulf and Saudi Arabia.
The clever trick was to confuse the world by pretending this was all one “Arab Spring” instead of the complete opposite.
Their half-hearted and thinly supported nature, was pumped up with a deluge of Western media lies, carefully cropped photography and distortions about alleged “atrocities” (campaigns which were notably not carried out over Bahrain, Saudi Arabia etc despite some reporting).
Both “revolts” were violent from the start (contrary to the media humbug about “peaceful demonstrations”) and quickly revealed their counter-revolutionary character in various ways, from monarchist flag waving in Libya and overt wishes for stooge collusion with Western corporations, to the non-stop calls for Western intervention, in arms and money and by military blitzing – a signal that on its own would tell any genuine Marxist that the movement was entirely counter-revolutionary.
That did not stop the Trotskyists jumping in to declare Libya a “people’s revolution” of course, just as they have capitulated to a hundred other Western organised or provoked populist stunts and bribed trickery.
The false Libyan revolt, by a moribund bunch of fascist-minded petty bourgeois had no inherent class energy and would have petered out quickly without heavy Western aid, including secret troop interventions and eventually the NATO onslaught.
It has since shown itself to be the foulest mess of squabbling warlordism, greed, racism, crude fascism and reaction (now little reported).
So too has the deliberate destruction by civil war of Syria, also heralded by the degenerate and opportunist Trotskyists as a “people’s revolt” despite the “rebels” calls for Western help from the beginning and the massive arming and funding by the reactionary Gulf states; slyly and opportunistically the fake-“lefts” have backed away from the overt support for the CIA branded “Free Syrian Army” etc as the degeneracy and foul atrocities of the sabotaging “revolt” have increasingly emerged (without any explanation about how they could get it so wrong – which is down to their petty bourgeois class nature  and capitulation to imperialist propaganda and intimidation.)
Second prong to contain the Egyptian revolt was internal, using all the confusion and ideological bankruptcy of the post-war revisionist influenced years to head off all possibility of any conscious revolutionary understanding taking root, feeding as much as possible the philistine notions of “no leadership” and “flat leadership” pumped out by anarchist shallowness for all the “Occupy” and protest movements everywhere, and pumping up pro-democracy petty bourgeois ideology with promises of “elections”.
Unsurprisingly these were heavily manipulated, (with obvious Langley advice) the greater (and most radical) part of the candidates for the presidency ruled out on specious “constitutional” grounds, leaving just a Mubarak establishment candidate and in case that was too hard for the masses to swallow, the most compliant of the candidates from the Muslim Brotherhood, also hamstrung with illusions in “democracy” (now being rudely shattered).
The US empire went along with the Morsi candidature in desperation, as the least bad of the options it faced, and a stopgap to fill the sudden vacuum which might otherwise generate who knows what revolutionary notions and ferment.
This is not the positive stoogery claimed by some of the fake-“lefts” as a good reason to support the “demonstrators”.  To the contrary, the anger of the Tahrir Square crowd at the seeming American vacillation and support for Morsi initially was because they wanted the American support – yet another damning mark against them, since what revolutionary movement of any worth would turn to the main imperialist enemy for backing?
As in Iran decades ago, the Muslim mullahs were merely considered a less bad prospect than all-out potential for national-liberation and even communist influences which might take hold in the rebellious swirling of the Cairo streets in 2011; Morsi in particular proved willing to cooperate with, or not challenge, the International Monetary Fund conditions for austerity impositions, to keep the treaty in place with Zionism, and various other measures maintaining imperialist interests in the region. 
A bonus has been entrapping the Brotherhood in the sectarian conflicts being stirred up to destroy Syrian anti-Zionism – the Sunni Morsi-ites and their Palestinian offshoot in Hamas pointlessly battling against Assad’s Shia in Syria, instead of uniting to defeat the common imperialist enemy which has stirred the whole turmoil up in the beginning.
But Washington (undoubtedly prodded by Tel Aviv) has been edgy and nervous about this “solution” not least because for all these illusions and flaws the Muslim Brotherhood has a long record of anti-imperialist militancy and deep connections with the poorer and proletarian elements in Egypt; bitter experience has made clear that the world crisis pressures and deep down anti-Western hatreds of the masses and the Arab Street can force even the most compliant stoogery to turn and bite the hand; from Noriega in Panama to the gangster thug Saddam Hussein, from the parachuted in Mullahs in Iran to the once usefully anti-Soviet Taliban, imperialism has been stung over and over again.
Getting some more direct stoogery in place, more like Mubarak before, has been on the agenda ever since.
Almost certainly a tipping point was reached with the recent appointment of one of the more radical of the Brotherhood to a city mayorship, a decision oddly highlighted in the Blairite spin and hype “justifications” for the coup reported in the Observer:

A few weeks back, I met the tourism minister, who I thought was excellent, with a sensible plan to revive Egypt’s tourist sector. A few days ago, he resigned, when the president took the mind-boggling step of appointing as governor of Luxor (a key tourist destination) someone who was affiliated to the group responsible for Egypt’s worst-ever terror attack, in Luxor, which killed more than 60 tourists in 1997.

It looks more and more like panic by imperialism.
Put that together with  a long imperialist record of riding on, or even deliberately stirring up and provoking, alleged “mass movements” and “street demonstrations for democracy” via the CIA and other intelligence agencies, (sometimes succeeding in overturning and toppling anti-imperialist regimes), including multiple anti-workers state rebellions in Europe (Hungary 1956, Czechoslovakia 1968, and Poland’s reactionary pro-Pilsudski (fascist) Solidarnosc, Latin America (notably the foul torture and slaughter by the Augustus Pinochet military coup in Chile), the constant “colour-coordinated” revolutions so obviously stunted up in the former workers states around Russia, and the Tian an Men reactionary “Stature of Liberty democracy” upheaval in China in 1989), and what have you got?
If not a deliberately set up movement, then one that is sufficiently confused and naïve to manipulate. 
To even the most inadequate and limited Marxist, the latest “uprising” has been suspect from the beginning, with a need for the greatest circumspection about its character and aims, just as the “mass revolts” in Turkey and Brazil need the most careful assessment of all the concrete aspects, their individualist, reformist  and petty bourgeois demands a long way from calls for anti-imperialism and socialism.
Both those need deeper analysis, and the turmoil being stirred up is clearly related to the world crisis (now hitting the supposedly rising capitalist powers as much as the rest of the capitalist world) but there is no evidence to say these or the “second wave” in Egypt constitute revolutionary progress.
Just the opposite.
Whatever the shortcomings of the Muslim Brotherhood – which are many in its bizarre religiosity, its own illusions in “democracy”, willingness to compromise with imperialism over the Zionist peace treaty, IMF funding demands for austerity - the alternative is not necessarily any better at all.
Given the long record of anti-imperialist sentiment in the Muslim Brotherhood, it is almost certainly a lot worse. 
By all means let there be opposition to backward Sharia law and restrictions to secularism but unless these are allied with a strong move towards much sharper and more conscious national liberation anti-imperialism at the very minimum and signs of a least some development of socialist anti-capitalist leadership, then any movement is both easily misled or wilfully going in the wrong direction.
A strongly communist or national liberation component to the “revolt” would be a strong signal that it could go past the stop-gap regime of the Brotherhood.
But without it the remedy is worse than the malady, heading things back towards the greater imperialist stoogery of the past, exactly as is already becoming clear is the case.
There has not been any indication that the “mass” movement is even going in the right direction, with its middle-class objections to austerity; what else is to be expected for as long as capitalism continues, hurtling into the greatest collapse and failure ever?
The class make-up of the movement in Tahrir Square is also highly suspect. Listen to this interesting account from the bourgeois press: 
Any analysis of Egypt’s crisis won’t make sense before dissecting the anti-Morsi camp. To simplify, the camp is composed of four main players: the army, the police force, the felol (the term used for remnants of Mubarak’s status quo) and what we might call “non-Islamist revolutionary forces”.
The most powerful actor in this camp is the army, followed by the police. And indeed their intervention tilted the balance of power towards the anti-presidential forces. The felol come in third, with their tremendous wealth and resources, media outlets, connections in state institutions (which in many ways they are still part of) and powerful regional and international allies. At the bottom of the food chain lie the non-Islamist revolutionary forces; relatively limited in terms of resources, wealth and arms but not in terms of enthusiasm and energy.
Let’s go back a bit. In September 2011, I was among a group of these people, the majority of whom are liberals. The common dirty phrase then was “military rule” and the common red line was a state dominated by generals. The aim was to push the arms out of Egypt’s politics, and the strategy was to gather seven presidential candidates with one message to the army: hand over power to an elected civilian.
The initiative included moral and procedural demands: no politician would resort to arms or armed institutions to oust another politician and presidential elections should be held no later than February 2012. When the initiative was sent to the ruling generals, they ignored it and never replied.
I am telling this story for two reasons. The first is to show how belittling the army commanders were/are towards civilian politicians. Back then, candidates together had more than 90% of the votes. Despite that, they were ignored by the generals, regardless of their ideological backgrounds. The second is to show how far the situation deteriorated; from revolutionary red lines such as “no to military rule” and “no constitution under military rule” to cheering for a junta.
Why the change of heart? Three main reasons: incompetence, unmet expectations and powerful allies. As the west knows all too well, democracy does not usually bring forth the most competent or the most charismatic. Egypt’s economic, security and political problems will need more than a year to resolve, regardless of who is leading. But certainly the behaviour, rhetoric and multiple blunders of President Morsi added oil to the fire.
Unmet expectations of political inclusion in key government positions, enforcing transitional justice and reforming the security sector fuelled the anger. The president was not only unable to prosecute the police officers who killed and tortured many of the liberal activists, but also granted the army almost all what it wanted. That included a veto in high politics (national security and sensitive foreign policy issues); an independence of the military-commercial empire with its land-confiscation rights, preferential customs and exchange rates, no taxation and an army of almost free labourers (conscripted soldiers), as well as an immunity from prosecution.
The powerful felol and police force were quite happy to capitalise on the legitimate anger of the non-Islamist forces as well as on the general street anger at President Morsi, for various social and economic reasons. What happened next was simply an annulment of 12 nationwide, free and fair democratic electoral rounds and two national referendums on a constitutional declaration (March 2011) and a constitution (December 2012). All of those elections had consistent winners; some of them are in jail now. They also had consistent losers; some of whom gave speeches about “democracy” and “justice” during the declaration of the coup – from behind General al-Seesi.
So what happens next? Well, political scientists are familiar with a pattern: when elected institutions with some support on the ground are removed by force, the outcome is almost never friendly to democracy. Outright military dictatorship, military domination of politics, civil war or a mix of all are all possibilities.
The worst scenarios for Egypt in 2013 are a repeat of Algeria of 1992 or a Spain of 1936. In both cases, around 250,000 were killed in dirty civil wars, sparked by a group of generals staging a coup against a democratic process. Both coups had civilian politicians, religious leaders and significant crowds on their side (mainly from the losers in the democratic process).

Shallow petty bourgeois demands for “more democracy because Morsi is behaving like a dictator” do not come close to the kind of revolutionary developments required in Egypt and everywhere else.
Worse still they are the most monstrous hypocrisy if the “democracy” demands are to mean anything.
Blair’s sinister and deliberately sly spin trickery tries to push this line that despite his entirely proper and internationally recognised election (by capitalism’s own rules at least) somehow Morsi-ism “deserved” the coup:

The events that led to the Egyptian army’s removal of President Mohamed Morsi confronted the military with a simple choice: intervention or chaos. Seventeen million people on the street is not the same as an election. But it is an awesome manifestation of people power. The equivalent turnout in Britain would be around 13 million people. Just think about it for a moment. The army wouldn’t intervene here, it is true. But the government wouldn’t survive either.
The Muslim Brotherhood was unable to shift from being an opposition movement to being a government. Of course governments govern badly or well or averagely. But this is different. The economy is tanking. Ordinary law and order has virtually disappeared. Services aren’t functioning properly. Individual ministers did their best. A few weeks back, I met the tourism minister, who I thought was excellent, with a sensible plan to revive Egypt’s tourist sector. A few days ago, he resigned, when the president took the mind-boggling step of appointing as governor of Luxor (a key tourist destination) someone who was affiliated to the group responsible for Egypt’s worst-ever terror attack, in Luxor, which killed more than 60 tourists in 1997.
Nw the army is faced with the delicate and arduous task of steering the country back on to a path towards elections and a rapid return to democratic rule. We must hope that they can do this without further bloodshed. Meanwhile, however, someone is going to have to run things and govern. This will mean taking some very tough, even uopopular decisions. It is not going to be easy.
What is happening in Egypt is the latest example of the interplay, visible the world over, between democracy, protest and government efficacy. Democracy is a way of deciding the decision-makers, but it is not a substitute for making the decision. I remember an early conversation with some young Egyptians shortly after President Mubarak’s downfall. They believed that, with democracy, problems would be solved. When I probed on the right economic policy for Egypt, they simply said that it would all be fine because now they had democracy; and, in so far as they had an economic idea, it was well to the old left of anything that had a chance of working.
I am a strong supporter of democracy. But democratic government doesn’t on its own mean effective government. Today, efficacy is the challenge. When governments don’t deliver, people protest. They don’t want to wait for an election. In fact, as Turkey and Brazil show, they can protest even when, on any objective basis, countries have made huge progress. But as countries move from low to middle income status, the people’s expectations rise. They want quality services, better housing, good infrastructure, especially transport. And they will fight against any sense that a clique at the top is barring their way.
This is a sort of free democratic spirit that operates outside the convention of democracy that elections decide the government.

What extraordinary self-contradictory, lying, festering dissembling and sophistry.
Blair’s role is Goebbels-in-chief for imperialism in the Middle East.
So democracy is not really democracy and although Tony  “strongly supports” democracy it is also alright to tear it up completely if you don’t like the government after just one year in office?
So does that apply in Britain, - the US - everywhere?  
If the economy is a disaster and massive austerity is being imposed so that what is done does not “meet expectations” it is OK then simply to “remove” the government (and despite the hype from Blair) by violence as in the burning down of the Muslim Brotherhood headquarters?
If it is revealed that you live in a total surveillance police state is it OK?
It is utter specious gobshyte from whichever way it is examined, except and until this lying hoodwinking cover for bourgeois dictatorship is removed by the masses, imposing the dictatorship of the proletariat, the genuine mass revolutionary movement and the only way genuine democracy will be achieved – by drawing the masses more and more into the running of society, possible only when there is common ownership of the means of production and socialist planning and rational development.
From the capitalist juridical perspective however all this is completely nonsensical.
Either the rules set up for “democracy” are supposed to mean something or they are a laughable pretence.
The White House, Blair, now chosen to be the forward “justifier” for capitalism, and all the other ruling class spokesmen know the answer is glaringly clear, which is why they make their token throwaways about the “importance of restoring democracy” even as it is being torpedoed by a violent overthrow.
If they really wanted to “get back to democracy” as soon as possible then the obvious answer would be to restore the Morsi administration which was elected with over 50% of the vote, far more than most Western imperialist politicians ever achieve, and only twelve months ago at that.
The truth is that this exposes the plumbless depths of capitalist cynicism as the EPSR has constantly warned:

The capitalist bourgeoisie’s utter cynicism about ‘democracy’ cannot be stressed energetically enough. Everything is always in place in every ‘free world’ country to impose the most brutal of counter-revolutions such as the West engineered in Greece 1946, Iran 1953, Guatemala 1954, Indonesia 1965, Grenada 1982, Nicaragua 1986, Panama 1989, etc, etc, including Guyana, Congo-Kinshasa, Chad, Uganda, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, and countless attempts against Cuba and against East Europe when workers states were being built there, and so on. 
The Gladio plans to make sure there were never any socialist revolutions in West Europe were even more extensively plotted for and funded. And the place where the CIA has laid down the greatest number of long-term counter-revolutionary ‘sleeping’ agents?
In Britain itself, and probably by now in Germany too, plus Japan, - on the grounds that a communist revolution in, say, faraway Ghana or Egypt would be one thing to get alarmed about because of the bad propaganda effect it would have on the rest of the ‘free world’, especially the Third World in those cases. But imagine the probably irreparable damage to the reputation of capitalist democracy’s virtues if the working masses of Britain, for example, should organise a successful socialist takeover. It would shatter free-market credibility worldwide for all time.  [EPSR No852  07-05-96]

One of the most glaring examples, mentioned elsewhere in that paper, was of course the barbaric coup against Salvador Allende’s “democratic communist” government in Chile in 1973, prepared with two years of CIA economic disruption and fostering of “strikes” and “popular discontent” by lorry drivers etc and instigated by a military called in to “preserve stability” by Allende himself, one of the great lessons in the stupid treachery of the faith in the “democratic path” inspired by Stalinist revisionism.   
 Ah, “explains” Blair, of course we are for democracy but there was such a mass movement on the streets that the country would have been ungovernable if the army had not “bent to the will of the majority”.
Firstly of course that has never stopped capitalism shooting down uprisings in the past, including massacring tens of thousands at a time in countries like El Salvador, Guatemala and so forth.
Nor does any serious “democratic state” give way to the “mob” so simply and easily and most of all when it values its new  election achieved for the first time ever.
Did Blair give way to the democratic will of the two million on the street in London (and millions more backing them) against the Iraq war?
The assertion that the “mass movement” was uncontrollable is total gibberish.
Not the remotest effort was made to disperse the crowds or break it up.
Just the opposite, the army and establishment was encouraging it from the beginning, standing back and watching the violent attacks on the Muslim Brotherhood headquarters for example, as was the sympathetic and gushing reporting in the international press which has so taken in the shallow “lefts” everywhere.
Anyway what “mass movement”?
Seventeen million on the street? Really? 
Who was counting and who was keeping a tally of their opinions? There might have been two or three hundred thousand in Tahrir Square – to be generous it could hold half a million, and there might have been as many again in other cities, but even allowing for treble the number, it comes nowhere near 18 million. And 22 million signed a petition? On the Internet it is presumed, subject to all sorts of computer trickery. Who checked those numbers? 
And anyway Egypt has got 82 million people so the most exaggerated figure is still not a “majority”.
This is beyond specious and suspicion, it is totally manipulated “facts” that have all the hallmarks of deliberate media stampeding exercise.
Meanwhile the fake-“lefts” play along with this demented garbage, swallowing hook line and sinker the “mass movement” crap or piling up the hatred and hostility against  the Muslim Brotherhood and the Third World struggle, declaring them (and all Islam) to be “more reactionary” than the West itself and thereby effectively justifying the coup, even where they take a formal position against it (as the former revisionist and crypto-Trotskyist Weekly Worker has done eg to cover its back). 
They give away completely their petty bourgeois class instinct by lining up on the wrong side which has led the Trotskyites particularly into cheering on reactionary stunts and counter-revolutions for the entire post-war period.
The Stalinist are little better, trapped in wooden undialectical defencism over Syria where they are still sloganising for a “Victory for Assad”.
But Assad has just condemned the Muslim Brotherhood because its Sunni origins has led it to support the civil war sectarian attacks in Syria currently tearing the country apart.
By implication the Lalkarites also “condemn” the Morsi-ites, playing into the hands of imperialism.
Certainly in its latest Lalkar paper the Brarite CPGB-ML condemns Turkey’s Erdogan, implying that his movement - also Sunni - deserved the middle-class rebellion there and painting a one-sided picture of hostility to his government.
But Erdogan is also, like the Muslim Brotherhood, a thorn in the side for imperialism which would prefer to restore full direct bourgeois rule in Turkey via the “secular generals”, just as in Egypt.
Nothing illustrates better the disastrous tangle that bone-brained Stalinism gets into since the point in all this is not to support any of the particular nationalist, or bourgeois anti-imperialists at all but to identify the main enemy.
Imperialism has set the destruction of Syria going, deliberately stoking up the demented and backward Wahabi sectarianism emanating from feudal Saudi Arabia and the Gulf and imperialism is the problem, with the DEFEAT of imperialism the crucial call for Leninist leadership.
But defeat does not imply support for the forces that might achieve that defeat.
Without this dialectical understanding it is possible to end up like Lalkar, supporting Hamas one minute (and therefore naturally its brothers in Egypt) and condemning them the next.
The religious ideology of all the forces in these battles is confusing enough, leading the Palestinian supporting Egyptian Brotherhood into open conflict with the brilliant Lebanese Hezbollah, one of the few coordinated movements which has defeated the “invincible” Zionist army.
That is daft and counter-productive, and comes about because in the end, despite huge heroism, militancy and fighting spirit and sacrifice by some of the best and most determined anti-Zionist fighters, daft religious ideology is insufficient for the great battles facing the working class which requires clearly developed and constantly evolving scientific Marxist -Leninist clarity.
Taking sides supporting these ideologies, like Lalkar/Proletarian, does nothing to bring about such clarity and confuses everyone including its own members.
But to admit their mistakes and try to untangle this disastrous position would mean removing the Stalin-worshipping blinkers that these revisionist opportunist pacifists wear all the time to avoid polemic and scientific debate.  
It has not happened yet.
But the great contradictions of the ever deepening imperialist crisis will teach its own lessons. 
Encouragingly the Iranian regime, despite its Shia traditions, has come out in support of the Muslim Brotherhood; it may be a sign that ultimately the real fight, to end imperialism, will override the sectarian considerations that have helped imperialism split the struggle against it.
But building Leninist science would be an even better way forwards.
Don Hoskins

Leaflet for the June People’s Assembly meeting of the Coalition of Resistance [ see also EPSR last issue]

Bankrupt Labourism and a supine TUC have left a giant vacuum in leadership for a working class facing the greatest Slump collapse and war disaster in all history. But the old fake-“left” posturing about single issue political correctness and ineffectual “Stop the cuts” and “Stop the War” slogans are disastrous too, covering up decades of revisionist social-pacifism and peaceful road “democracy” crap or outright Trotskyist anti-communism. Maximum  open debate and polemic is the way forwards to build leadership – an historic opportunity

The snowball momentum built up around the People’s Congress signals an enormous hunger in the working class for clear leadership as the catastrophic failure of the capitalist world order presses down ever harder in Slump savagery and growing world war destruction and chaos.
But it will come to nothing unless it is open for revolutionary understanding and perspectives, to be fought for openly and without the factional disruptions that have plagued past groupings.
All differences need to be tackled, not buried in “lowest common denominator” fudged “agreement on the 90% we have in common” which will only tear things apart as soon as real events and real actions intrude (as numerous previous “left” groups have failed). 
There is no other way out of the meltdown failure of the world economic and finance system which has barely begun to unravel yet.
Capitalism has reached the end of the road historically.
The ruling class is now hanging on by the fingernails as its crisis grows increasingly intractable and massive worldwide rebellion deepens everywhere, held back only because of confusion from a  lack of communist leadership and consciousness.
The private profit system is rotten ripe for its complete overturn so that the working class can take control – establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat for the common ownership of the means of production.
Only such firm working class rule can suppress bourgeois dictatorship lies and class war savagery (the re-emerging reality of Western “democracy”), and deal with the counter-revolutionary violence to come, in order to build a planned and rational socialist world.
That is the only way to  end the disgusting unfairness, deprivation and exploitation of everyday capitalism, brutal Third World sweatshop tyranny and the appalling world war horrors it is now degenerating into once again.
That will be the only path to any real democracy.
No such lead comes from the “traditional” Labour movement, official TUC and “left” militants.
And for all their posturing and pretences of being “revolutionaries” neither does it come from the 57 varieties of opportunist “lefts” (Trotskyists, revisionists and anarchists).
The degenerate hold of their social-pacifism, opportunism and outright anti-communism needs challenging all down the line. 
Labourism is beyond supine, its class collaborating mentality more cravenly than ever a sick-making and shallow apeing of the Tories.
“Old” Labour, lauded by many fake-“lefts”, is no better; the venerated 1945 Attlee-ism as craven as any “New” Labourites in rescuing bankrupt British capitalism with industrial buyouts (cynically sold as “nationalisation” to the working class); running post-war colonialism whose torturing and massacring reality emerges daily in new and horrifying revelations (Kenya, India, Malaysia, Aden, Greek civil war horrors etc etc); establishing the nazi-NATO anti-communist war alliance and pumping up anti-Sovietism (with the help of sour Trotskyism).
“Official” TUC trade unionism is just as bankrupt, bolstering the Labourites. In the five years of class war austerity and outrageous bailouts for bankrupted banks it has organised nothing more than a couple of tepid and token protest marches. 
The fake-“lefts” are no better with their defensive “make the bosses pay” reformism and “street pressure”, shallow “Stop the Cuts” slogans, social-pacifist “Stop the War” banners and continued parliamentary opportunism – still insisting that “if only we can get honest socialist representatives” things could be different.
Things cannot be different and will only degenerate ever more into sleaze, corruption and “black is white” lies (not selling the NHS, doing something about tax havens etc etc). 
The working class has already learned its lessons, and is now totally and correctly contemptuous of parliament.
There is a giant vacuum which needs filling with a gigantic battle for understanding.
What the “lefts” never do is explain the intractable and historic contradictions of capitalist class rule and the inevitable slide into world war which is the only “way out” for the ruling class from its desperate incompetence and historical failure.
Just the opposite. Total confusion prevails along with complete capitulation to the “condemn terrorism” world warmongering being waged by the US Empire – the real world terrorist.   
The fight for theory is substituted by PC single-issue campaigning, all a diversion from the fundamental questions and increasingly used by capitalism itself to bolster its hoodwinking democracy lies, most notably with crucial black nationalist, feminist and gay rights support for the Obama presidency, which as predicted, has continued the Bush-ite war and blitzing. 
All this blocks the debate on vital questions of history, most of all around the first titanic experiment in working class rule, the hugely important Soviet Union, and the giant achievements in culture, science, economy, and socialist development it made over 70 years without a capitalist boss in sight. 
It did not “fail” and was still economically and socially growing but self-liquidated finally because of revisionist stupidity and retreat from revolution by idiotic Gorbachevite revisionism (grown from seeds sown by Stalin’s mistakes and retreat from revolutionary perspectives).
Avoiding polemic and the battle for scientific grasp was instilled by this Stalinist retreat and weakness and is the essence of all the “left”s.
They dare do no different because their past failures, cover-ups of failures, and opportunism will be exposed.
But if the working class is to overcome the disaster facing the whole world –and it has no choice except to starve and be slaughtered – then every aspect of world events, war, slump and class struggle needs re-examining and the understanding battled out in the open to reach the truth about the world.
Among the great issues are: 1. The crisis itself; 2. The degeneration into war; 3.The rising Third World revolt and the capitalist “crusading” against it (swallowed by many of the more poisonous fake-”lefts” ); 4. The nature of the workers states and lies that “communism failed”; and 5. The need for polemical argument, fought in the open in front of the working class, to constantly re-examine world events and constantly develop the scientific truth about the constantly developing world. 
First is the crisis, the core of Marxism since Capital laid bare that capitalist production for private profit, besides being grotesquely oppressive, exploitative, unfair and viciously inhuman, is also ultimately unworkable, destined to repeatedly collapse into Slump and cutthroat competition to wipe out rivals.
In the modern monopoly period it means appalling Depression and World War. 
For decades of post-war “boom” the “lefts” have ridiculed any insistence on this context for all struggles as “old hat dogma”, “hysterical catastrophism” and “the boring words of dead white males” etc”.
Their hostility is generated because their petty bourgeois minds do not want to face  the implications of such an understanding. 
If capitalism has hit a brick wall there is no avoiding that it has to end.
After 2007-8 the proof is incontrovertible.  
The disastrous credit failures brought the world within 12 hours of  economic implosion with all the cash machines shut down and total social chaos to follow.
Only the insane printing of trillions of totally valueless Micky Mouse dollars, Monopoly-money  euros and whacky paper yen has held off utter disaster.
But far worse is to come. “Quantitative Easing” has just made things a hundred times worse. Massive inflation and other financial disasters are ready to explode in all kinds of further economic mayhem.
The ruling class knows this cannot continue, but dare not stop either as witness the panicked lurch from the jumpy Stock Exchanges this week on the merest hint by the US Federal Reserve it might end non-stop QE.
Even those fake- “lefts” who do talk about the unsolvability of the crisis do so in turgid academic articles quite separate to analyses of war and revolts, and always as an “ultimate” future development (meaning yet more reforms can be got on with “in the meantime” – the classic evasion of all opportunism).
But capitalism cannot be regulated, changed, reformed or run “in a better way”.
Failure to grasp the crisis also underlies the confusion and failure to understand the now non-stop warmongering which is the ruling class’s deliberate way out of crisis.
World warmongering is not a “for oil” or “to deal with progressives” or “predatory” (implying capitalism is in charge and all powerful) nor even simply the “build up to attacking China”. All these may be partial factors but the key is the desperate efforts of capitalism to distract attention from its crisis by stirring up chauvinism, hatred and scapegoating blame in general, to intimidate all challenges to its now bankrupted rule from trade war rivals, and to suppress growing rebellion, as country after country explodes from Egypt to Brazil.
To head off these struggles capitalism has stirred up counter-revolution in Libya and Syria aided by the confusion of the religious ideologies and sectarian past hatreds, all under the guise of “more revolution”.
The fear of leadership and the dictatorship of the proletariat in the petty bourgeoisie is played like an instrument by the CIA’s “anti-totalitarian” propaganda, swallowed hook line and sinker by the Trotskyists as countless times in the past, from Hungary to the Pilsudski fascist Solidarnosc bogus union struggle in Poland.
But Stalinist “defenders of Assad” are equally confused.
The conflict in Syria is being pumped up for world war purposes, not specifically to topple the Ba’athists.
It threatens to go out of control because of the world crisis needs of the imperialist ruling class.
Defending Assad, an ineffectual bourgeois nationalist and limited re-formist,  is missing the point.
Defeat for imperialist intervention and skulduggery is the point, not fostering illusions in yet more reformism (and particularly not in Assad).
The “brave” defenders of Assad are as far away from revolution as anyone else.
But that is now the great need. The Assembly should respond to the challenge and open up all these questions to sort out a new fighting leadership. 
Don Hoskins

E P S R   BOX

Leaving the world to be run by the greed of the capitalist monopolies can never stop resulting in periodic crises where trade-war destruction MUST rule, and to which the only antidote is Revolution and a strong workers state, --- as these essentials of Marxist-Leninist SCIENCE explain.

Only the crisis events of collapsing imperialist rule interpreted in this Marxist-Leninist light will educate a mass workers party of leadership to do the necessary tasks.

The Revisionist retreat from the Soviet workers state because of crawling to shallow Western glitz and shame at their own past bureaucratic mistakes has only proved the soundness of Lenin's 'State & Revolution' science about a very long period of proletarian dictatorship being the only way for the world to see-off monopoly imperialist warmongering, now back with a vengeance.

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It is often said and written that the main point in Marx's teachings is the class struggle; but this is not true. And  from this untruth very often springs the opportunist distortion of Marxism, its falsification in such a way as to make it acceptable to the bourgeoisie. For the doctrine of the class struggle was created not by Marx, but by the bourgeoisie before Marx, and generally speaking it is acceptable to the bourgeoisie. Those who recognise only the class struggle are not yet Marxists;  they may be found to be still within the boundaries of bourgeois thinking and bourgeois politics. To confine Marxism to the doctrine of the class struggle means curtailing Marxism, distorting it, reducing it to something which is acceptable to the bourgeoisie. Only he is a Marxist who extends the recognition of the class struggle to the recognition of the dictatorship of the proletariat. This is what constitutes the most profound difference between the Marxist and the ordinary petty (as well as big) bourgeois. This is the touchstone on which the real understanding and recognition of Marxism is to be tested. And it is not surprising that when the history of Europe brought the working class face to face with this question as a practical issue, not only all the opportunists and reformists, but all the "Kautskyites" (people who vacillate between reformism and Marxism) proved to be miserable philistines and petty-bourgeois democrats who repudiate the dictatorship of the proletariat. V.I.Lenin

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"The last cause of all real crises always remains the poverty and restricted consumption of the masses as compared to the tendency of capitalist production to develop the productive forces as if only the absolute power of consumption of the entire society would be their limit." (Capital. Vol III. P568.)

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" For many a decade past", wrote Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto of 1848, "the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeoisie and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on its trial, each time more threateningly. In these crisis a great part, not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity - the epidemic of overproduction. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed. And why? Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary...they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them."

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The conditions of bourgeois democracy very often compel us to take a certain stand on a multitude of small and petty reforms, but we must be able, or learn, to take such a position on these reforms. (in such a manner) that - to oversimplify the matter for the sake of clarity - five minutes of every half-hour speech are devoted to reforms and twenty-five minutes to the coming revolution.

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World Socialist Review
edited extracts from a variety of anti-imperialist struggles
Low intensity conflict to destabilize Bolivia
Patricio Montesinos
GIVEN its lack of credibility and leadership, the Bolivian right, acting under instructions from the United States government, is banking on low intensity national conflict to wear down the government of President Evo Morales, and create an image of chaos in the run up to country’s 2004 elections.
For some time now, the Bolivian opposition parties and their leaders - who have neither leadership nor backing - have been using the strategy of undermining Bolivian unity in different parts of the country, instigating and exacerbating old territorial and ethnic differences.
Washington and U.S. subjects in Bolivia have no alternative other than to foment racism and fuel the fires of old divergences between city and rural inhabitants, inherited from Spanish colonialism and previous neoliberal governments.
The plan is to erode the Bolivian government and its leader in particular prior to next year’s elections, which Morales appears likely to win, given the lack of a rival with any real possibilities.
The U.S. administration and its destabilizing tentacles, directed at interrupting at all costs the revolutionary process of change taking place in the country and to overthrow its leader, are well aware of the damaged state of the traditional Bolivian right.
It is also aware that there is no candidate in the wings to oppose Morales, despite unsuccessful attempts to create one.
On the other hand, it is well informed of the advances achieved by the Bolivian President in various sectors, which have promoted unity and given him merited prestige worldwide.
His victories include having placed in the international arena Bolivia’s reiterated claim against Chile for maritime access, an impact reflected on the national political stage, giving additional popularity to Morales.
His accomplishments also include United Nations recognition of acullico (the chewing of coca leaves) and the promotion by this international organization of quinua, an ancestral cereal with exceptional nutritional properties cultivated in Bolivia.
No one is in any doubt, not even Washington, that Morales has become a Latin American leader, and de facto, a danger for U.S. interests of domination in the region, given his strong anti-imperialist stance and support of the Patria Grande (Greater Homeland).
On more than a few occasions, the Bolivian leader has condemned the U.S. government for its lack of respect for and interference in Latin American affairs, its flagrant violations of human rights and politics of imposition and oppression.
It is more than evident that Morales is currently an obstacle in the path of the U.S. administration, a man it will attempt to overthrow at any price. (CubaDebate) *
• On May Day, Bolivian President Evo Morales announced the expulsion of the U.S. Agency for International Development (usaid), for conspiring against his government.
“We have decided to expel usaid from Bolivia, usaid is leaving Bolivia,” Morales stated at an International Workers’ Day event.
The Bolivian leader accused the agency of political interference in various social organizations in order to destabilize the government, as the U.S. embassy had done previously.
This is the third time the President has asked a U.S. institution to leave the country since he came to power in 2005.
In 2008, Morales expelled Ambassador Philip Goldberg, accused of conspiring with the opposition, and in November of the same year, demanded the withdrawal of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (dea) for espionage. (PL) •

World Socialist Review
edited extracts from a variety of anti-imperialist struggles
Some 775 million illiterate adults worldwide • No likely solution yet
Yenia Silva Correa

ALTHOUGH the United Nations Literacy Decade (2003-2012), has concluded, the problem of illiteracy is far from resolved.
Data reported by unesco last September indicated the existence of some 775 million illiterate adults worldwide, in addition to 61 million children not attending school.

The situation is of serious concern considering that teaching all of these people to read and write within a short time period, for which there is no plan, is not in itself enough to eliminate this social problem.
Primary education must be available universally and teachers must be trained, to ensure that studies continue and the general level of education rises. If this is not done, within a few years, short term gains in eliminating illiteracy will vanish.
In Latin America and the Caribbean regional organizations indicate that 6.5 million children are not in school. It is well-known that women -rich and poor - around the world have more difficulty gaining access to education.
The subject cannot be reduced to statistics. Illiteracy’s effects are wide-ranging, with poverty and lack of education going hand’ in hand, along with violence, unemployment, exclusion - the full gamut of social problems.
Seen in this light, it appears unlikely that the situation will be addressed by 2015, and even less that primary education will be made universally available to all children - one of the Millennium Objectives which has received significant attention, but continues to face great challenges.
Multiple attempts to reach a definitive solution to the problem of illiteracy have been frustrated more than once by armed conflicts, lack of infrastructure or indifference on the part of governments and institutions.
Additionally, many who lack education are also suffering from hunger and illness. Focused on daily survival, they have little time for study, thus maintaining the vicious circle which keeps them marginalized on the periphery of society.	*
Nevertheless, there have been many successful efforts to eliminate illiteracy in different parts of the world. In Cuba’s case, the most illustrative example is that of the Yes, I Can program, which has allowed 7,126,433 persons to become literate in some 30 Latin American, African and Asian countries over the last decade.
Much earlier, in 1961, Cuba made a historic effort to ensure that the entire population was literate, long before there was any discussion of an information society, the digital age or functional illiteracy, concepts commonly cited today, which remind us that knowing how to read and write is not enough.
Despite the efforts made, unesco acknowledges that full literacy remains a distant goal, What is needed is collaboration among governments, support for educational programs and training for the personnel required. If this cannot be mustered, the number of people denied literacy will shamefully remain in the millions.